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References

Global Climate Change

What causes global climate change?

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Climate Modeling. http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_modeling.html

G. R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla, R. B. Jackson, G. J. Collatz & J. T. Randerson (2009). “CO2 Emissions from Forest Loss.” Nature Geoscience 2:737-738 http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n11/full/ngeo671.html

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group I Third Assessment Report."Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.

IPCC (2007): “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (2001). "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions."National Academies Press. 42 pp.

How does climate change today compare with historical climate change?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group I Third
Assessment Report." Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.

IPCC (2007). “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (2001). "Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions." National Academies Press. 42 pp.

What is the evidence that the climate is changing?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group I Third Assessment Report." Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group II Third Assessment Report." Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 1032 pp.

What methods do scientists use to make projections about future climate change?

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Climate Modeling. http://www.oar.noaa.gov/climate/t_modeling.html

Flato, G.M., G.J. Boer, W.G. Lee, N.A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M.C. Reader, and A.J. Weaver (1997). "The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis global coupled model and its climate." The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis. Atmospheric Environment Service. University of Victoria, BC.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group I Third Assessment Report." Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.

Johns, T.E., R.E. Carnell, J.F. Crossley, J.M. Gregory, J.F.B. Mitchell, C.A. Senior, S.F.B. Tett, and R.A. Wood. 1997. "The second Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup, and validation." Climate Dynamics 13:103-134.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group I Third Assessment Report."Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Synthesis Report, Third Assessment Report."Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 397 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. "Working Group II Third Assessment Report."Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 1032 pp.

The Urban Northeast

Introduction

Cox, J., C. Rosenzweig, W. Solecki, R. Goldberg, and P. Kinney (2006). “Social Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Neighborhood Analysis of the Northeast U.S. Megaregion.” Union of Concerned Scientists, Northeast Climate Change Impact Study. 21 pp.

What changes have been projected for the region?

Flato, G.M., G.J. Boer, W.G. Lee, N.A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M.C. Reader, and A.J. Weaver (1997). The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis global coupled model and its climate. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis. Atmospheric Environment Service. University of Victoria, BC.

Frumhoff, P.C., J.J. McCarthy, J.M. Melillo, S.C. Moser, and D.J. Wuebbles (2007). Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast: Science, Impacts, and Solutions. Synthesis report of the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).

IPCC (WGI) (1996). "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change". J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira-Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, K. Maskell, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Johns, T.E., R.E. Carnell, J.F. Crossley, J.M. Gregory, J.F.B. Mitchell, C.A. Senior, S.F.B. Tett, and R.A. Wood (1997). "The second Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup, and validation". Climate Dynamics 13:103-134.

Karl, T.R., R.W. Knight, D.R. Easterling, and R.G. Quayle (1996). "Indices of climate change for the United States". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77(2): 279-292.

Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki (Eds.). 2001. Climate Change and a Global City: The

Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change - Metro East Coast (MEC). Report for the U.S. Global Change Research Program, National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the United States, Columbia Earth Institute, New York. 224 pp.

How will these changes affect the region?

Culliton, T.J. (1998) "Population: Distribution, Density, and Growth." NOAA’s State of the Coast Report, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD.

Gornitz, V. (2001) Sea-Level Rise and Coasts. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 21 – 46) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Hartig, E., A. Kolker, D. Fallon, and F. Mushacke. (2001) Wetlands. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 67 – 86) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Hill, D. and R. Goldberg (2001) Energy Demand. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 121 – 147) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Jacob, K.H., N. Edelblum, and J. Arnold (2001) Infrastructure. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 21 – 46) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Major, D. and R. Goldberg (2001) Water supply. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 21 – 46) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Malcolm Pirnie Inc. (1986) "Engineering Alternatives for Increasing the Rate of Withdrawal from the Hudson River from 100 MGD to 200 MGD to 300 MGD." Prepared for the City of

New York, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply, October.

National Research Council (1987) "Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications." National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 148 pp.

National Research Council (1990) "Managing Coastal Erosion." National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 182 pp.

National Research Council (1995). "Beach Nourishment and Protection." National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 334 pp.

Philadelphia Water Department, Office of Watersheds. “Regional and Global Trends.” http://www.phillywatersheds.org/watershed_issues/regional_and_global_trends

Rosenthal, J., P. Kinney, K. Knowlton, and J. Freeman (Eds.). 2004. "Assessing Potential Public Health and Air Quality Impacts of Changing Climate and Land Use in Metropolitan New York." A study by the New York Climate and Health Project.

Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki (Eds.). 2001. "Climate Change and a Global City: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change – Metro East Coast (MEC)." Report for the U.S. Global Change Research Program, National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the United States, Columbia Earth Institute, New York. 224 pp.

Solecki, W.D., C. Rosenzweig, L. Parshall, G. Pope, M. Clark, J. Cox, and M. Wiencke (2005). “Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey. Global Environ. Change B, 6, 30-49, doi:10.1016/j.hazards.2004.12.002. http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2005/

Philadelphia Water Department, Office of Watersheds. Water Infrastructure Management. http://www.phillywatersheds.org/watershed_issues/infrastructure_management

Zimmerman, R. and M. Cusker (2001). Institutional Decision-Making. In Rosenzweig, C. and W.D. Solecki, (eds.), "Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region" (pp. 21 – 46) Columbia Earth Institute, New York, 210 pp.

Adaptation

How can we determine a community’s capacity to adapt?

Moser, S.C., R.E. Kasperson, G. Yohe, and J. Agyeman (2007). “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Northeast United States: Opportunities, Processes, Constraints.” Northeast Climate Impacts. 22 pp.

Cox, J., C. Rosenzweig, W. Solecki, R. Goldberg, and P. Kinney (2006). “Social Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Neighborhood Analysis of the Northeast U.S. Megaregion.” Union of Concerned Scientists, Northeast Climate Change Impact Study. 21 pp.

What are public agencies doing in the region to adapt to climate change?

United States Army Corps of Engineers (2004). Fire Island Inlet to Montauk Point Reformulation Study. http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/fimp/reform.htm

Boston Indicators Project. Trends in climate change, Metro Boston and New England. http://www.bostonindicators.org/Indicators2008/Environment/Indicator.aspx?id=11124

Moser, S.C., R.E. Kasperson, G. Yohe, and J. Agyeman (2007). “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Northeast United States: Opportunities, Processes, Constraints.” Northeast Climate Impacts. 22 pp.

Center for Clean Air Policy (2001). The New York Greenhouse Gas Task Force. http://www.ccap.org/NYGHG.htm

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (2003). Greenhouse Gas and Climate Change Activities. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/gcc/gcc.htm

New York State Department of State and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2000). The New York State Salt Marsh Restoration and Monitoring Guidelines. http://www.nyswaterfronts.com/downloads/pdfs/saltmarsh.pdf

New York State Department of State (1999). Long Island Sound Coastal Policies. http://www.nyswaterfronts.com/downloads/pdfs/lis_cmp/Chap4.pdf

What can the private sector do to adapt to climate change?

Walsh, Brian (2010, January 15). After Copenhagen, Getting Business into Green Tech. Time Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1954019,00.html

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies. http://www.ceres.org

Climate Futures Project. Swiss Re, United Nations Development Programme and the Centre for Health and Global Environment at Harvard Medical School. http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge/ccf.html

Investor Network on Climate Risk. http://www.incr.com/

Investor Network on Climate Risk Call for Action. http://www.incr.com/call_for_action.htm

Investor’s Summit on Climate Risk. http://www.ceres.org/investorsummit/

Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships, Inc. (2004). 2004 Business Plan to Support

Regional Energy Efficiency Partnerships. Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships, Inc. http://www.neep.org/files/2004BusinessPlan_Final.PDF

How can we adapt to the changing climate?

Climate Change and Personal Responsibility. http://www.climnet.org/publicawareness/intro.htm.

Harriet Bulkeley and Michele M. Betsill (2003). "Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance". London: Routledge

Rosenthal, J., P. Kinney, K. Knowlton, and J. Freeman, (Eds.). 2004. "Assessing Potential Public Health and Air Quality Impacts of Changing Climate and Land Use in Metropolitan New York." A Study by the New York Climate and Health Project.

Safe Climate.org. http://www.safeclimate.net/action

Mitigation

What are members of the public and private sectors doing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

The City of New York (2011). PlaNYC 2011 Introduction. http://nytelecom.vo.llnwd.net/o15/agencies/planyc2030/pdf/planyc_2011_in...

Frumhoff, P.C., J.J. McCarthy, J.M. Melillo, S.C. Moser, and D.J. Wuebbles (2007). Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast: Science, Impacts, and Solutions. Synthesis report of the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).

What can individuals in the region do to slow down climate change?

American Forests, How to Plant a Tree http://www.americanforests.org/resources/howtoplanttrees/

Energy Savers, A consumer guide to energy efficiency and renewable energy. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/

EPA Energy Star Program http://www.energystar.gov/

EPA Global Warming Visitor Center http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/VisitorCenterConce...

Frumhoff, P.C., J.J. McCarthy, J.M. Melillo, S.C. Moser, and D.J. Wuebbles (2007). Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast: Science, Impacts, and Solutions. Synthesis report of the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA). Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).

Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Trees in the Home Landscape http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/feature/backyard/treehome.html

Safe Climate, Actions for Individuals http://www.safeclimate.net/action/